"Rough Wooing" refers to a period of conflict between England and Scotland during the 1540s. It was initiated by King Henry VIII of England, who sought to secure a marriage alliance between his son, Edward VI, and the Scottish queen, Mary Stuart. The English aimed to exert control over Scotland through military force and political pressure. The campaign involved several military actions, including the burning of Scottish towns and the siege of Edinburgh. Despite these efforts, the English were largely unsuccessful in achieving their goals, and the conflict contributed to lasting animosity between the two nations.