The 16th century, spanning from 1501 to 1600, was a period marked by significant changes in Europe and beyond. It was characterized by the Renaissance, a cultural movement that emphasized art, science, and humanism. This era also saw the rise of powerful monarchies and the beginning of the Age of Exploration, as explorers like Christopher Columbus and Ferdinand Magellan ventured into new territories. Additionally, the 16th century was notable for the Reformation, a religious movement that challenged the practices of the Catholic Church and led to the establishment of various Protestant denominations. This period also witnessed advancements in technology, such as the invention of the printing press, which facilitated the spread of ideas and knowledge.