The monarchy in Portugal dates back to the 12th century, with the establishment of the Kingdom of Portugal in 1139. The monarchy played a significant role in the country's history, overseeing periods of exploration, expansion, and cultural development. The most notable monarchs include King John I, who initiated the Age of Discoveries, and Queen Maria II, who ruled during the 19th century. The monarchy was abolished in 1910, leading to the establishment of the Portuguese First Republic. Despite its end, the royal family, particularly the descendants of King Manuel II, remains a symbol of national identity for some Portuguese citizens.