King Carlos I of Portugal reigned from 1889 until his assassination in 1908. He was the last king of the House of Braganza and faced significant political challenges during his rule, including social unrest and the rise of republicanism. His reign was marked by efforts to modernize Portugal and its colonies. Carlos I was born on September 28, 1863, and became king after the death of his father, King Luis I. His reign ended tragically when he and his son, Prince Luis Filipe, were killed in a shooting in Lisbon. This event led to the eventual establishment of the Portuguese Republic in 1910.