Portuguese history began in the 12th century when Portugal became a kingdom, emerging from the Christian Reconquista against Muslim rule. The first king, Afonso I, established the nation’s borders and promoted trade and exploration, laying the foundation for a maritime empire. During the Age of Discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal became a leading global power, exploring Africa, Asia, and Brazil. Notable figures like Vasco da Gama and Ferdinand Magellan expanded Portuguese influence, establishing trade routes and colonies. However, by the 19th century, the empire began to decline, leading to the establishment of a republic in 1910.