"Pre-Columbian" refers to the period in the Americas before the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492. This era encompasses a wide range of cultures, societies, and civilizations that developed independently across North and South America. Notable civilizations from this time include the Maya, Aztec, and Inca, each with their own unique advancements in agriculture, architecture, and governance. During the pre-Columbian era, indigenous peoples created complex societies with rich traditions and diverse languages. They engaged in trade, developed intricate art forms, and established significant agricultural practices, such as the cultivation of maize and potatoes. The legacy of these cultures continues to influence modern societies in the Americas today.