Parent material refers to the underlying geological material from which soil develops. It can be made up of rock, sediment, or organic material and serves as the source of minerals and nutrients for the soil. The characteristics of the parent material influence the soil's texture, structure, and fertility. Over time, weathering processes break down the parent material, leading to the formation of soil layers. Factors such as climate, topography, and biological activity also play a role in this transformation. Understanding parent material is essential for fields like agriculture, geology, and environmental science, as it affects land use and ecosystem health.