Medieval Portugal, emerging in the 12th century, was shaped by the Reconquista, a series of campaigns to reclaim territory from the Moors. The Kingdom of Portugal was officially established in 1139, with Afonso I as its first king. The region's economy relied on agriculture, trade, and the production of textiles. During this period, Portugal developed a distinct culture influenced by Christian, Jewish, and Muslim traditions. The construction of impressive Romanesque and Gothic cathedrals, such as the Lisbon Cathedral, marked the architectural achievements of the time. By the late medieval era, Portugal began exploring maritime routes, setting the stage for its Age of Discovery.