Translation methods refer to the various approaches used to convert text or speech from one language to another. Common methods include literal translation, where the text is translated word-for-word, and dynamic equivalence, which focuses on conveying the meaning and intent rather than the exact wording. Other methods include formal equivalence, which aims to maintain the original structure and style, and adaptation, where the content is modified to fit the cultural context of the target audience. Each method has its advantages and is chosen based on the purpose of the translation and the audience's needs.