Northern European cuisine is characterized by its use of fresh, local ingredients and traditional cooking methods. Common staples include potatoes, rye bread, and various types of fish, particularly herring and salmon. Dishes often feature hearty flavors, with an emphasis on preserving food through methods like pickling and smoking. Countries such as Sweden, Norway, and Finland showcase unique culinary traditions. For example, Swedish meatballs and Finnish rye bread are popular dishes. Seasonal ingredients play a significant role, with a focus on foraging and utilizing what the land and sea provide throughout the year.