Modern India from 1885 to 1947 was marked by significant political and social changes. The formation of the Indian National Congress in 1885 initiated a movement for greater self-governance. This period saw the rise of various leaders, including Mahatma Gandhi, who advocated for non-violent resistance against British colonial rule. The struggle for independence intensified in the early 20th century, leading to mass movements like the Civil Disobedience Movement and the Quit India Movement. The impact of World War II and the subsequent demand for independence culminated in the end of British rule in 1947, resulting in the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan.