Ancient South Arabian refers to a group of Semitic languages spoken in the southern part of the Arabian Peninsula, particularly in present-day Yemen and Oman. These languages, including Sabaean, Himyaritic, and Qatabanian, were used from around the 1st millennium BCE until the early centuries CE. They are known for their unique script, which is distinct from other Semitic scripts like Phoenician and Aramaic. The Ancient South Arabian civilization was characterized by its rich trade networks, particularly in frankincense and myrrh. The region was home to several powerful kingdoms, such as Saba and Himyar, which played significant roles in the cultural and economic exchanges of the ancient world. Archaeological findings, including inscriptions and monumental architecture, provide valuable insights into their society and history.