The Ahmad Shah Durrani Empire was established in the mid-18th century by Ahmad Shah Durrani, who is often regarded as the founder of modern Afghanistan. His reign lasted from 1747 to 1772, during which he united various tribes and regions, creating a powerful state that included parts of present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India. The empire is known for its military strength and cultural achievements, as it played a significant role in the region's history. After Ahmad Shah Durrani's death, the empire faced internal conflicts and external pressures, leading to its gradual decline by the early 19th century.