The Afghan Empire refers to a series of historical states and territories in the region of present-day Afghanistan. It emerged in the 18th century under the leadership of Ahmad Shah Durrani, who is often considered the founder of modern Afghanistan. The empire expanded to include parts of present-day Pakistan and India, becoming a significant power in South Asia. The empire was characterized by a diverse population, including various ethnic groups such as Pashtuns, Tajiks, and Hazaras. It played a crucial role in regional trade and cultural exchange, influencing the political landscape of the area until its decline in the 19th century due to internal strife and external pressures.