Pratyaksha is a Sanskrit term that means "direct perception" or "immediate experience." In Indian philosophy, it refers to knowledge gained through direct observation or sensory experience, as opposed to knowledge acquired through inference or testimony. This concept is fundamental in various schools of thought, particularly in Nyaya and Vaisheshika philosophies, where it is considered one of the primary means of obtaining valid knowledge. In the context of epistemology, pratyaksha is often contrasted with other sources of knowledge, such as anumana (inference) and shabda (verbal testimony). It emphasizes the importance of firsthand experience in understanding reality, making it a crucial aspect of philosophical discussions about perception and knowledge acquisition.