Geological surveys are systematic investigations of the Earth's surface and subsurface to understand its composition, structure, and processes. These surveys help identify natural resources like minerals, oil, and gas, as well as assess geological hazards such as earthquakes and landslides. Conducted by professionals known as geologists, these surveys often involve mapping, sampling, and analyzing rock formations and soil types. The information gathered is crucial for land use planning, environmental protection, and resource management, ensuring that communities can make informed decisions about their natural surroundings.