Dysmenorrhea is a medical term for painful menstrual cramps that occur before or during a woman's period. It can cause discomfort in the lower abdomen, back, and thighs, and may be accompanied by symptoms like nausea, headaches, or fatigue. There are two types: primary dysmenorrhea, which is common and not linked to any underlying condition, and secondary dysmenorrhea, which is caused by reproductive health issues such as endometriosis or uterine fibroids. Treatment options for dysmenorrhea include over-the-counter pain relievers, hormonal birth control methods, and lifestyle changes like exercise and heat therapy. If pain is severe or persistent, it is important to consult a healthcare provider for further evaluation and management.