Underground mining methods are techniques used to extract minerals and resources from beneath the Earth's surface. These methods are essential for accessing deposits that are too deep for surface mining. Common techniques include room and pillar, where miners create a network of rooms while leaving pillars of material for support, and cut and fill, which involves excavating ore and filling the void with waste material to maintain stability. Another method is block caving, which allows for the extraction of large volumes of ore by collapsing the rock into a designated area. Each method has its advantages and challenges, depending on factors like the type of mineral, depth, and geological conditions.