Mining methods refer to the techniques used to extract valuable minerals and resources from the earth. The two primary categories are surface mining and underground mining. Surface mining involves removing soil and rock above mineral deposits, making it suitable for resources close to the surface. Techniques include open-pit mining and strip mining. In contrast, underground mining is used for deeper deposits and involves creating tunnels or shafts to access minerals. This method includes techniques like room and pillar and longwall mining. Each method has its advantages and challenges, depending on the type of resource and its location.