The United Kingdom, often referred to as the UK, is a country located off the northwestern coast of mainland Europe. It is made up of four countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The capital city is London, which is known for its rich history and cultural landmarks. The UK has a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with King Charles III as the current monarch. The official language is English, and the currency used is the British pound. The UK is known for its contributions to literature, science, and the arts, with famous figures like William Shakespeare and Isaac Newton.