Sterilization techniques are methods used to eliminate all forms of microbial life, including bacteria, viruses, and spores. Common techniques include autoclaving, which uses high-pressure steam to kill microorganisms, and chemical sterilization, which employs substances like ethylene oxide or hydrogen peroxide. These methods are essential in medical settings to ensure that surgical instruments and equipment are free from contamination. Another technique is radiation sterilization, which uses gamma rays or electron beams to destroy pathogens. Filtration is also a method, where air or liquids are passed through filters that trap microorganisms. Each technique is chosen based on the specific requirements of the items being sterilized.