The sterilization process is a method used to eliminate all forms of microbial life, including bacteria, viruses, and spores, from surfaces or materials. This is crucial in medical settings to prevent infections and ensure the safety of surgical instruments and equipment. Common techniques include autoclaving, which uses high-pressure steam, and chemical sterilization, which employs disinfectants. Sterilization can also be applied in various industries, such as food processing and pharmaceuticals, to maintain product safety and quality. The effectiveness of the process is often verified through biological indicators, which confirm that the sterilization conditions were met and that no viable microorganisms remain.