Roman Egypt refers to the period when Egypt was a province of the Roman Empire, starting in 30 BCE after the defeat of Cleopatra VII and Mark Antony by Octavian, who later became Emperor Augustus. This era saw significant changes in administration, culture, and economy, as Egypt became a vital source of grain for Rome. During Roman rule, Egypt maintained its rich traditions while also adopting aspects of Roman culture. The city of Alexandria remained a major center of learning and trade, and the famous Library of Alexandria continued to attract scholars. Roman Egypt was marked by a blend of Greek, Roman, and Egyptian influences.