Medieval Islamic History spans from the 7th to the 15th century, marked by the rise of the Islamic Caliphates. After the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632 CE, the Umayyad and later the Abbasid Caliphates expanded rapidly, spreading Islam across the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Europe. This period saw significant advancements in science, medicine, and philosophy, with scholars like Avicenna and Al-Khwarizmi making lasting contributions. During this time, cities like Baghdad and Cordoba became cultural and intellectual hubs, fostering a rich exchange of ideas. The Islamic Golden Age flourished, leading to innovations in mathematics,