Medieval Islamic refers to the period from the 7th to the 15th centuries when the Islamic civilization flourished. This era saw the rise of powerful empires, such as the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates, which expanded across the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Europe. The period is marked by significant advancements in various fields, including science, mathematics, medicine, and philosophy. During this time, cities like Baghdad, Córdoba, and Cairo became cultural and intellectual hubs. Scholars such as Ibn Sina and Al-Khwarizmi made groundbreaking contributions that influenced both the Islamic world and Europe. The preservation and translation of ancient texts played a crucial role in the transmission of knowledge.