"Lords of Xibalba" refers to the deities in the ancient Maya mythology who ruled over Xibalba, the underworld. These gods were believed to govern death, disease, and the afterlife, playing a crucial role in the Maya understanding of life and the cosmos. The most prominent lords include Hun-Came and Vucub-Came, who were often depicted as powerful and fearsome figures. In Maya culture, the lords were central to various rituals and stories, including the famous Popol Vuh, which narrates the adventures of the Hero Twins, Hunahpú and Ixbalanque. These tales illustrate the struggle between life and death, showcasing the lords' influence over human fate and the natural world.