The Kingdom of Pergamon was an ancient Greek state located in what is now western Turkey. It emerged in the 3rd century BCE and became a significant cultural and political center. Pergamon is known for its impressive architecture, including the famous Altar of Zeus and the Library of Pergamon, which was one of the largest libraries of the ancient world. Under the rule of the Attalid dynasty, Pergamon expanded its territory and influence, becoming a major rival to the Seleucid Empire. The kingdom was eventually bequeathed to the Roman Republic in 133 BCE, marking the end of its independence and the beginning of Roman control in the region.