The Hellenistic Kingdoms emerged after the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE, when his vast empire was divided among his generals, known as the Diadochi. These kingdoms included notable regions such as Ptolemaic Egypt, Seleucid Empire, and Antigonid Macedonia, each ruled by different successors who adopted Greek culture and governance. During the Hellenistic period, which lasted until the Roman conquest, these kingdoms experienced significant cultural and scientific advancements. Cities like Alexandria became centers of learning and trade, fostering the spread of Hellenistic culture across the Mediterranean and Near East, blending Greek traditions with local customs.