The Roman Republic was a significant period in ancient Roman history that lasted from 509 BC to 27 BC. It was characterized by a complex system of government that included elected officials, a Senate, and various assemblies. This system allowed for a degree of citizen participation, although it was limited to freeborn male citizens. During the Republic, Rome expanded its territory through military conquests and alliances, becoming a dominant power in the Mediterranean. Key figures such as Julius Caesar and Cicero emerged during this time, influencing politics and culture. The Republic ultimately transitioned into the Roman Empire after a series of civil wars and political upheaval.