James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton (c. 1606–1649), was a prominent Scottish nobleman and politician during the 17th century. He was the son of James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran and became the first Duke of Hamilton in 1643. He played a significant role in the political landscape of Scotland, particularly during the English Civil War, where he initially supported the Royalist cause. As a leader of the Hamilton family, he was involved in various military campaigns and negotiations. His efforts to maintain the power of the monarchy in Scotland often put him at odds with the Covenanters, a group that sought to limit royal authority. Hamilton's life was marked by political intrigue and shifting allegiances until his execution in 1649.