"Imperial Brazil" refers to the period when Brazil was a monarchy, specifically from 1822 to 1889. It began when Dom Pedro I declared Brazil's independence from Portugal in 1822, establishing the Brazilian Empire. This era was marked by significant social and economic changes, including the growth of coffee plantations and the expansion of infrastructure. The empire was characterized by two main reigns: that of Dom Pedro I and his son, Dom Pedro II. Under Dom Pedro II, Brazil experienced modernization and relative stability, but also faced challenges like slavery and regional conflicts. The monarchy ultimately ended in 1889, leading to the establishment of the Republic of Brazil.