Pedro II was the last emperor of Brazil, ruling from 1831 to 1889. He became emperor at just five years old after his father, Dom Pedro I, abdicated the throne. Despite his young age, he was well-educated and grew into a wise and progressive leader. Under his reign, Brazil experienced significant advancements in culture, science, and infrastructure. During his time, Pedro II worked to abolish slavery and promote education, making Brazil a more modern nation. However, his reign faced challenges, including political unrest and economic issues. Ultimately, in 1889, a military coup led to the establishment of a republic, ending his monarchy.