The Idumeans were an ancient people who lived in the region of Idumea, located south of Judea in present-day southern Israel. They were originally descendants of the Edomites, a group mentioned in the Bible, and their territory was known for its rugged terrain and strategic trade routes. During the Hellenistic period, the Idumeans adopted many aspects of Greek culture and later converted to Judaism. They played a significant role in the history of Judea, especially during the time of the Hasmonean dynasty and the Roman occupation, influencing the political landscape of the region.