The history of Pakistan began with the ancient civilizations of the Indus Valley, which flourished around 2500 BCE. Over the centuries, the region saw the rise and fall of various empires, including the Maurya and Gupta empires, followed by the arrival of Islam in the 7th century. The area became a significant center for trade and culture, influenced by various dynasties such as the Mughals. In 1947, Pakistan was established as a separate nation for Muslims in the Indian subcontinent after the end of British colonial rule. The partition led to significant migration and violence, shaping the country's early years. Since then, Pakistan has experienced periods of political instability, military rule, and efforts towards democratic governance.