Hemoglobin variants are different forms of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. These variants arise from genetic mutations in the HBB gene, which encodes the beta-globin subunit of hemoglobin. Some variants are benign, while others can lead to health issues, such as sickle cell disease or thalassemia. The presence of hemoglobin variants can be detected through blood tests, which help diagnose related conditions. Understanding these variants is crucial for managing diseases and providing appropriate treatments, as they can affect how well oxygen is transported in the bloodstream.