Hemoglobinopathies are a group of inherited blood disorders that affect the structure and function of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen. These conditions can lead to various health issues, including anemia, fatigue, and increased risk of infections. Common types of hemoglobinopathies include sickle cell disease and thalassemia. These disorders arise from mutations in the genes that encode hemoglobin, resulting in abnormal hemoglobin molecules. Diagnosis typically involves blood tests to assess hemoglobin levels and identify specific types of hemoglobin present. Management may include regular medical care, blood transfusions, and medications to alleviate symptoms.