Hemoglobin disorders are a group of genetic conditions that affect the structure and function of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. These disorders can lead to various health issues, including anemia, fatigue, and increased risk of infections. Common types include sickle cell disease and thalassemia. Individuals with hemoglobin disorders may experience symptoms such as pain episodes, weakness, and delayed growth. Diagnosis typically involves blood tests to assess hemoglobin levels and types. Treatment options vary and may include medications, blood transfusions, and in some cases, bone marrow transplants to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.