Hemoglobin abnormalities refer to genetic or acquired conditions that affect the structure or function of hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen. Common types include sickle cell disease, where hemoglobin forms an abnormal shape, and thalassemia, which involves reduced production of hemoglobin chains. These conditions can lead to various health issues, including anemia and increased risk of infections. Diagnosis typically involves blood tests to assess hemoglobin levels and identify specific types. Treatment options may include blood transfusions, medications, or gene therapy, depending on the severity and type of the abnormality. Early detection and management are crucial for improving patient outcomes.