European art history spans a vast timeline, beginning with the prehistoric cave paintings in Lascaux and evolving through various movements. Key periods include Classical art from ancient Greece and Rome, the Renaissance which revived classical ideals, and the Baroque era known for its dramatic expression and grandeur. The 19th and 20th centuries saw the rise of movements like Impressionism, which focused on light and color, and Modernism, which challenged traditional forms. Artists such as Van Gogh, Picasso, and Monet played significant roles in shaping contemporary art, reflecting societal changes and innovations throughout Europe.