Emperor Pedro II was the second and last ruler of the Empire of Brazil, reigning from 1831 to 1889. He ascended to the throne at just five years old after his father, Emperor Pedro I, abdicated. Pedro II was known for his intelligence, dedication to education, and efforts to modernize Brazil. During his reign, Brazil experienced significant economic growth and social progress, including the abolition of slavery in 1888. However, political unrest and dissatisfaction with the monarchy led to a military coup in 1889, resulting in the establishment of the Brazilian Republic and the exile of Pedro II.