Dutch history is marked by the rise of the Dutch Republic in the 16th century, which emerged during the Eighty Years' War against Spanish rule. This period saw the establishment of a powerful maritime empire, with trade routes extending to Asia and the Americas, leading to a flourishing economy and cultural achievements in art and science. In the 19th century, the Netherlands underwent significant political changes, including the establishment of a constitutional monarchy. The country remained neutral during World War I but was occupied by Nazi Germany in World War II. Post-war recovery led to modernization and the Netherlands becoming a founding member of the European Union.