Cryptorchidism is a medical condition where one or both of a male's testes fail to descend into the scrotum before birth. This condition is most commonly seen in premature infants but can also occur in full-term babies. If left untreated, it can lead to complications such as infertility or an increased risk of testicular cancer. Diagnosis typically occurs during a physical examination shortly after birth. Treatment options may include hormonal therapy or surgery, known as orchidopexy, to reposition the undescended testis. Early intervention is important to reduce potential health risks associated with this condition.