Testicular disorders refer to a range of medical conditions affecting the testes, the male reproductive organs responsible for producing sperm and hormones. Common disorders include testicular torsion, where the spermatic cord twists, cutting off blood supply, and orchitis, an inflammation often caused by infections. Other conditions include varicocele, which is the enlargement of veins within the scrotum, and hydrocele, a fluid-filled sac around the testicle. These disorders can lead to symptoms such as pain, swelling, or changes in size and may affect fertility if not treated properly.