Colombian history began with indigenous groups like the Muisca and Tairona before the arrival of the Spanish in the early 16th century. Christopher Columbus reached the region in 1499, leading to colonization and the establishment of New Granada. The Spanish ruled for nearly three centuries, impacting the culture and economy. In the early 19th century, Colombia fought for independence, achieving it in 1819 under leaders like Simón Bolívar. The country became part of the Gran Colombia federation but later split into separate nations. Throughout the 20th century, Colombia faced political violence and drug-related issues, shaping its modern identity.