Gran Colombia was a short-lived republic in South America that existed from 1819 to 1831. It was formed after the successful independence movements against Spanish colonial rule, primarily led by Simón Bolívar. The republic included the territories of present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama. The government of Gran Colombia faced numerous challenges, including regional conflicts and political disagreements. These issues ultimately led to its dissolution in 1831, resulting in the establishment of separate nations. Despite its brief existence, Gran Colombia played a significant role in the history of South America and the fight for independence.