Cognitive distortions are irrational thought patterns that can negatively affect a person's emotions and behavior. They often lead to misinterpretations of reality, causing individuals to perceive situations in a biased or exaggerated manner. Common examples include all-or-nothing thinking, catastrophizing, and overgeneralization. These distortions can contribute to mental health issues such as anxiety and depression. Recognizing and challenging these thought patterns is an essential part of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), which aims to help individuals develop healthier, more balanced ways of thinking.