Brazilian history began with the arrival of the Portuguese in 1500, led by Pedro Álvares Cabral. The land was rich in resources, and the Portuguese established sugar plantations, which relied heavily on enslaved labor from Africa. Over the years, Brazil grew into a significant colony, and in 1822, it declared independence from Portugal, becoming the Empire of Brazil. Throughout the 19th century, Brazil experienced political changes, including the abolition of slavery in 1888, making it one of the last countries to do so. The 20th century saw Brazil transform into a republic, facing challenges like military coups and economic crises, but it also emerged as a vibrant democracy and a cultural powerhouse.