The 5th century BCE, spanning from 500 to 401 BCE, was a significant period in ancient history, particularly in Greece. It is often regarded as the height of Athenian democracy and cultural achievement, marked by the works of playwrights like Sophocles and Euripides, as well as philosophers such as Socrates. This century also saw the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BCE) between Athens and Sparta, which ultimately led to the decline of Athenian power. Additionally, the period was characterized by advancements in art, architecture, and science, with the construction of iconic structures like the Parthenon.