The 4th Century BC was a significant period in ancient history, marked by the rise of powerful city-states and influential leaders. In Greece, the city-state of Athens flourished, known for its advancements in philosophy, art, and democracy. This era also saw the emergence of notable philosophers like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, who laid the foundations for Western thought. Meanwhile, in the eastern Mediterranean, the Persian Empire was a dominant force, while Macedonia began to rise under the leadership of Philip II. His son, Alexander the Great, would later expand the empire, spreading Greek culture across vast territories, including parts of Egypt and India.