The 19th century in France was marked by significant political and social changes. The century began with the aftermath of the French Revolution, leading to the rise and fall of various governments, including the Napoleonic Empire. The period saw the establishment of the Second Republic in 1848, followed by the Second Empire under Napoleon III. Culturally, 19th century France was a time of artistic innovation and intellectual growth. The Romantic movement flourished, influencing literature and art, with notable figures like Victor Hugo and Eugène Delacroix. Additionally, the industrial revolution transformed cities and society, leading to urbanization and new social dynamics.